Biological Age and  Biomarkers of Aging 


​Biological and Chronological Age
Biomarkers of Aging                Individual testing 
                Research and development of anti-aging therapies 
                Telomere Length
                Epigenetic Clock based on DNA Methylation 
Epigenetic Clock and DNA Methylation Based Biomarkers of Aging


​References and Literature 
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10% discount on the Biological Age Test based on the DNA Methylation by a pioneer in the field of Epigenetics Dr. Szyf at www.epi-age.com with the code antiaging4everyone

References and Literature for the Publications Cycle


​Baker G.T 3rd, Sprott RL. Biomarkers of aging. Exp. Gerontol., 23 (4–5) (1988), pp. 223-239 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0531556588900253 

Berdyshev GD, Korotaev GK, Boiarskikh GV, et al. Nucleotide composition of DNA and RNA from somatic tissues of humpback and its changes during spawning. Biokhimiia. 1967;32(5):988–993.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5628601

Biomarkers of Aging, 2016. 
American Federation for Aging Research. 
Accessed on September 20, 2019.
https://www.afar.org/docs/AFAR_BIOMARKERS_OF_AGING_2016.pdf 

Bocklandt S, Lin W, Sehl ME, et al. Epigenetic predictor of age. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e14821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014821
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120753/

Borup M.T., Trusina A., Andersson A.M. Aging mechanism as the “down side” of adaptation: A network approach. J. Theor. Biol. 2008;250:66–74. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.09.016. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17961600 

Chen BH, Marioni RE, Colicino E, et al. DNA methylation-based measures of biological age: meta-analysis predicting time to death. Aging (Albany NY). 2016;8(9):1844–1865. doi:10.18632/aging.101020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5076441 

Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, et al. Towards frailty biomarkers: candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev. 2018; 47:214–77. 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30071357​

Christiansen L, Lenart A, Tan Q, et al. DNA methylation age is associated with mortality in a longitudinal Danish twin study. Aging Cell. 2016;15(1):149–154. doi:10.1111/acel.12421
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717264

Epigenomics Fact Sheet
National Human Genome Research Institute 
https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Epigenomics-Fact-Sheet
​Accessed on September 23, 2019 

Field AE, Robertson NA, Wang T, Havas A, Ideker T, Adams PD. DNA Methylation Clocks in Aging: Categories, Causes, and Consequences. Mol Cell. 2018;71(6):882–895. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.008
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520108

Gan W, Liu XL, Yu T, et al. Urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine as a Potential Biomarker of Aging. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:34. Published 2018 Feb 27. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00034
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5835306 

Guo XJ, Yang D, Zhang XY. Epigenetics recording varied environment and complex cell events represents the origin of cellular aging. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2019;20(7):550–562. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1800507
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6586999
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Han Y, Eipel M, Franzen J, et al. Epigenetic age-predictor for mice based on three CpG sites. Elife. 2018;7:e37462. Published 2018 Aug 24. doi:10.7554/eLife.37462
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6156076 

Hannum G, Guinney J, Zhao L, Zhang L, Hughes G, Sadda S, Klotzle B, Bibikova M, Fan J-B, Gao Y. Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates. Mol Cell. 2013;49:359–367. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3780611

Holoch D, Moazed D. RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Nat Rev Genet. 2015;16(2):71–84. doi:10.1038/nrg3863
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376354 

Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 2013;14:3156. doi: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015143

Horvath S. Erratum to: DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 2015;16(1):96. Published 2015 May 13. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0649-6
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4427927

Horvath S, and Raj K (2018). DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing. Nat. Rev. Genet 19, 371–384.
​https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29643443 

Is Longevity Determined by Genetics?
U.S. National Library of Medicine 
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/traits/longevity
Accessed on September 15, 2019 

Jackson SH, Weale MR, Weale RA. Biological age—what is it and can it be measured? Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2003;36:103–115. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4943(02)00060-2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12849085​

Jia L, Zhang W, Chen X. Common methods of biological age estimation. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:759–772. Published 2017 May 11. doi:10.2147/CIA.S134921
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436771

Jylhävä J, Pedersen NL, Hägg S. Biological Age Predictors. EBioMedicine. 2017;21:29–36. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.046
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5514388​

Khoury L, Gorrie-Stone T, et al. Properties of the epigenetic clock and age acceleration.  
bioRxiv 363143; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/363143
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363143v1.full​ 

Kimura M, Hjelmborg JV, Gardner JP, et al. Telomere length and mortality: a study of leukocytes in elderly Danish twins. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(7):799–806. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm380 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631778

Korkmaz KS, Butuner BD et al,  Detection of 8-OHdG as a diagnostic biomarker. Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine. Published: 21 November 2018.doi: 10.21037/jlpm.2018.11.01
http://jlpm.amegroups.com/article/view/4605/html

Krištić J., Vučković F., et al. Glycans are a novel biomarker of chronological and biological ages. J. Gerontol. - Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2014;69:779–789.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049143

Lara J, Cooper R, Nissan J, et al. A proposed panel of biomarkers of healthy ageing. BMC Med. 2015;13:222. Published 2015 Sep 15. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0470-9
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572626

Levine ME, Lu AT, Quach A, et al. An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10(4):573–591. doi:10.18632/aging.101414
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5940111

Mathers J.C., Deary IJ, Kuh D, et al. Guidelines for biomarkers of healthy ageing. 2015, pp.
https://www.mrc.ac.uk/documents/pdf/biomarkers-of-healthy-ageing/
Accessed September 22, 2019

Marioni RE, Shah S, McRae AF, et al. DNA methylation age of blood predicts all-cause mortality in later life. Genome Biol. 2015;16(1):25. Published 2015 Jan 30. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0584-6
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350614 

Passarino G, De Rango F, Montesanto A. Human longevity: genetics or lifestyle? It takes two to tango. Immun Ageing. 2016;13(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s12979-016-0066-z. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4822264

Passtoors WM, Beekman M, Deelen J, van der Breggen R, Maier AB, Guigas B, et al. Gene expression analysis of mTOR pathway: association with human longevity. Aging Cell. 2013;12:24–31. doi: 10.1111/acel.12015
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23061800 

Rahman SA, Adjeroh DA. Deep Learning using Convolutional LSTM estimates Biological Age from Physical Activity. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):11425. Published 2019 Aug 6. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46850-0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684608
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Sebastiani P, Thyagarajan B, Sun F, et al. Biomarker signatures of aging. Aging Cell. 2017;16(2):329–338. doi:10.1111/acel.12557
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5334528

Slijepcevic P. DNA damage response, telomere maintenance and ageing in light of the integrative model. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2008;129:11–16. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2007.10.012. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16798109
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Sood S, Gallagher IJ, Lunnon K, et al. A novel multi-tissue RNA diagnostic of healthy ageing relates to cognitive health status. Genome Biol. 2015;16(1):185. Published 2015 Sep 7. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0750-x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561473

Spazzafumo L, Mensà E, Matacchione G, et al. Age-related modulation of plasmatic beta-Galactosidase activity in healthy subjects and in patients affected by T2DM. Oncotarget. 2017;8(55):93338–93348. Published 2017 Oct 16. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5706799

Roman Lay AA, do Nascimento CF, et al. Age at natural menopause and mortality: A survival analysis of elderly residents of San Paolo, Brasil. Maturitas. 2018; 117:29-33. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.08.012. Epub 2018 Aug 31.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30314558
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Szyf M, Bick J. DNA methylation: a mechanism for embedding early life experiences in the genome. Child Dev. 2013;84(1):49–57. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01793.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039199
​
Wagner KH, Cameron-Smith D, Wessner B, Franzke B. Biomarkers of Aging: From Function to Molecular Biology. Nutrients. 2016;8(6):338. Published 2016 Jun 2. doi:10.3390/nu8060338
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924179  

Weaver I. C. G., Cervoni N., Champagne F. A., et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience. 2004;7(8):847–854. doi: 10.1038/nn1276.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15220929

Weinert B.T., Timiras P.S. Invited review: Theories of aging. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003;95:1706–1716. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00288.2003. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970376

Weidner CI, Lin Q, Koch CM, Eisele L, Beier F, Ziegler P, Bauerschlag DO, Jöckel KH, Erbel R, Mühleisen TW, et al. (2014). Aging of blood can be tracked by DNA methylation changes at just three CpG sites. Genome Biol 15, R24.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4053864 

Xia X, Chen W, McDermott J, Han JJ. Molecular and phenotypic biomarkers of aging. F1000Res. 2017;6:860. Published 2017 Jun 9. doi:10.12688/f1000research.10692.1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5473407

Zhang Q, Vallerga CL, Walker RM, et al. Improved precision of epigenetic clock estimates across tissues and its implication for biological ageing. Genome Med. 2019;11(1):54. Published 2019 Aug 23. doi:10.1186/s13073-019-0667-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6708158/